Showing posts with label astronomy. Show all posts
Showing posts with label astronomy. Show all posts

Moon looking younger than ever

The moon is 4.36 billion years old, up to 200 million years younger than thought, according to the analysis of lunar rocks.

The estimate, reported in Thursday's issue of Nature, comes from a new dating of isotopes of lead and neodymium found in samples of ferroan anorthosite, a crustal rock that derives from magma.

A common theory for the origin of the moon is that it was created by an impact between a large planet-sized object and the nascent Earth.

The molten material, or magma, that was ejected from this giant collision progressively cooled, hardening into Earth's rocky, barren and airless satellite.

'The extraordinarily young age of this lunar sample either means that the moon solidified significantly later than previous estimates, or that we need to change our entire understanding of the moon's geochemical history,' said Richard Carlson of the Carnegie Institution for Science in Washington.

If the estimate is right, it implies that the oldest crusts on both Earth and moon formed at roughly the same time, both of them shortly after the big smashup.

The dating concurs with a similar age estimate for zircons found in Western Australia that are the oldest terrestrial minerals found.

What is a "Blue Moon"?


For more than half a century, whenever two full Moons appeared in a single month (which happens on average every 2 1/2 to 3 years), the second has been christened a "Blue Moon." In our lexicon, we describe an unusual event as happening "Once in a Blue Moon." This expression was first noted back in 1821 and refers to occurrences that are uncommon, though not truly rare.

On past occasions, usually after vast forest fires or major volcanic eruptions, the Moon has reportedly taken on a bluish or lavender hue. Soot and ash particles, propelled high into the Earth's atmosphere, can sometimes make the Moon appear bluish.

Why "Blue" Moon? For the longest time nobody knew exactly why the second full Moon of a calendar month was designated as a Blue Moon. One explanation connects it with the word "belewe" from the Old English, meaning, "to betray." Perhaps, then, the Moon was "belewe" because it betrayed the usual perception of one full Moon per month. However, in the March 1999 issue of Sky & Telescope magazine, author Phillip Hiscock revealed one somewhat confusing origin of this term. It seems that the modern custom of naming the second full Moon of a month "blue," came from an article published in the March 1946 Sky & Telescope magazine. The article was "Once in a Blue Moon," written by James Hugh Pruett. In this article, Pruett interpreted what he read in a publication known as the Maine Farmers' Almanac (no relation to this Farmers' Almanac, published in Lewiston, Maine), and declared that a second full Moon in a calendar month is a "Blue Moon."

However, after reviewing the Maine Farmer's Almanac, Hiscock found that during the editorship of Henry Porter Trefethen (1932 to 1957), the Maine Farmers' Almanac made occasional reference to a Blue Moon, but derived it from a completely different (and rather convoluted) seasonal rule. As simply as can be described, according to Trefethen's almanac, there are normally three full Moons for each season of the year. But when a particular season ends up containing four full Moons, then the third of that season is called a Blue Moon! To make matters more confusing, the beginning of the seasons listed in Trefethen's almanac were fixed. A fictitious or dynamical mean Sun produced four seasons of equal length with dates which differed slightly from more conventional calculations. So, basically the current use of "Blue Moon" to mean the second full Moon in a month can be traced to a 55-year-old mistake in Sky & Telescope magazine.



In terms of astronomy, the average moon cycle lasts about 29.5 days, and of course most months have 30 or 31 days. Its clear then, that blue moons are relatively rare. For a blue moon to occur, a first full moon has to fall at the very beginning of a month so that the next full moon (29.5 days later) can rise during the same month.

On average, there are about 2 and a half years between blue moons. Of course the months that have 31 days are much more likely to have blue moons than those that have 30 days. February, the only month with fewer than 30 days, never has any blue moons.

About four times per century, a calendar year has two blue moons. 1999 was the most recent year with two blue moons. The 21st century will have the following double-blue-moon years: 2018, 2037, 2067 and 2094.

There is a little controversy over what a blue moon actually is. We have described the modern version, but in previous centuries, the term blue moon referred to third full moon in a season that has four full moons.

The Philippines to Participate in 100 Hours Of Astronomy

(Lifted from The Philippine Star)
135 countries including RP to participate in 100 hours of astronomy
By Helen Flores
April 02, 2009 12:00 AM


Filipino stargazers will join astronomers around the world for a 100-hour marathon starting today aimed at celebrating the night sky and nurturing the Galileos of tomorrow.

Filipino astronomers and enthusiasts will bring out their telescopes and share views of the heavens with the public as they join thousands of stargazers from 130 countries in the observance of “100 Hours of Astronomy” or 100 HA, part of the celebration of the International Year of Astronomy.

“One of the key goals of 100 HA is to have as many people as possible look through a telescope as Galileo Galilei did for the first time 400 years ago,” said Frederick Gabriana, the national organizer of 100 HA.

“It is a round-the-clock, round-the-globe event, including live webcasts from research observatories, public observing events and other activities around the world,” he said.

Gabriana said the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (Pagasa), in cooperation with other astronomical organizations in the country, would conduct different activities nationwide to mark 100 HA including free telescope viewing, film showing and lectures.

The Paris-based International Astronomical Union (IAU) said the exercise has been “400 years in the making,” referring to observations made in 1609 by Galileo that swept away people’s conception of the universe.

“It is a sense of discovery and awe that astronomers wish to share with our fellow citizens all over the world,” says IAU president Catherine Cesarsky.

Isang Gabing Wala ang Buwan

Kung mayroon mang isang bagay ang maihahalintulad ko sa aking sarili iyon ay ang buwan. Marami kaming magkakatulad na katangian kaya sa tuwing panahon ng kanyang kabilugan ay ako ang unang natutuwa dahil alam kong susuwertihin ako. Nang maglaon, dahil sa buwan, nakagawian ko nang tumingin sa langit upang pagmasdan hindi lamang ang nasabing satellite kundi ang lahat ng bagay na makikita sa kalawakan ng aking dalawang mata. Sa katunayan, naging pampalipas-oras ko na ang pagtanaw sa malawak na kalangitan. Naging bahagi na ng aking buhay ang pakikipag-ulayaw sa langit, lalo na kung gabi at maging sa panahon ng aking mga kalungkutan at kaligayahan.

Ang pagtitig sa kalawakan ay nagbibigay sa akin ng kapayapaang hindi ko natatagpuan sa aking kapaligiran. Sa pamamagitan ng pagtanaw sa buwan at mga nagkikislapang bituin ay nararamdaman ko ang presensiya ng dakilang Maylikha at ating Bathala. Subalit kasabay ng pagtanaw ko sa langit ay pagdaloy ng mga nakalipas na alaala sa aking puso at isipan.

Katulad ngayong ikawalo ng gabi, araw ng Biyernes. Katatapos ko lang maghapunan at sa halip na manood ng mga teleseryeng kinalolokohan ng mga tao ngayon, mas pinili ko pang magpatunaw ng aking kinain sa ibabaw ng aming bubong. Hindi muna ako nahiga dahil medyo busog pa ako kaya nilinga ko muna ang aking panigin sa king paligid. Ang aming malaking bahay ay napapaligiran din ng malalaking bahay na may dalawang palapag. Ang pagkakaiba nga lang ay gawa pa sa mga kahoy ang aming luma at medyo bulok nang bahay samantalang yari sa mga bato at marmol ang mga bahay ng kapitbahay namin. Lalo pang nagmukhang sinauna ang aming tirahan nang ipina-renovate ang bahay sa harapan namin. Makulay ang nasabing bahay samantalang ang sa amin ay walang kabuhay-buhay ang anyo at kulay. Sabi nga ng mga kaibigan kong naisama ko na rito ay parang haunted house ang aming bahay.

Nang hindi ko na maramdaman ang kabusugan ay dahan-dahan akong humiga sa bubungan namin. Una kong napagmasdan ang kadiliman ng langit dahil sa hindi pagsulpot ng buwan. Sabagay normal lang naman na hindi ito nagpakita ngayong gabi dahil katatapos lang ng last quarter. Napansin ko ring kakaunti ang mga bituing nagniningning kaya hindi ko maiwasang mapatitig sa isang bagay na bukod-tangi ang liwanag sa kalawakan. Iyon ay ang planetang Venus na matatagpuan sa banding kaliwa ng nilulubugan ng araw. Ganunpaman, masaya ko pa ring tinanaw ang madilim na kalangitan habang bumabalik sa aking alaala ang aking kabataan. Nangyaring ang aking pagkabata ang naaalala ko sa tuwing kaulayaw ko ang langit dahil may kaugnayan ito sa planetang Venus na aking natatanaw ngayon.

Nasa probinsiya pa ako noon. Ikalima noon ng hapon. Kagagaling lang namin ng mga pinsan ko noon sa bukid para mamitas ng maigugulay at maghanap ng kahoy na panggatong nang maisipan kong magpahinga sa tabing-dagat. Pinauna ko nang umuwi ang mga kasama ko kaya naiwan akong mag-isang nakaupo sa malalaking bato kaharap ang malawak at tahimik na dagat. Pinagmasdan ko ang paglubog ng araw at natuwa ako sa iba’t ibang kulay na nakita ko sa paligid nito habang unti-unti siyang nagtago sa likod ng mahabang kabundukan ng Quezon. May kulay dilaw, orange at pula sa lilis ng araw at naalala ko tuloy ang color wheel na ginawa naming sa asignaturang MAPE (Music, Arts and Physical Education). Nang wala na akong makita kahit kaunting liwanag mula sa araw ay napadako ang tingin ko sa isang bagay na kumikinang sa banding kaliwa ng kanluran. Kakaiba ang kanyang ningning at mas malaki siya kaysa sa mga nagkikislapang bituin na nag-umpisa na ring magpakita. Sumagi ulit sa isipan ko ang napag-aralan namin sa Astronomy tungkol sa isang bagay na parehong tinatawag na “Morning Star” at “Evening Star”. Ito ay ang planetang Venus na sa gabi ay maituturing na pinakamaningning na celestial body sa buong kalawakan. Gandang-ganda ako noon sa planetang ito at parang binibigyan ako nito ng panibagong pag-asa sa bawat pagkislap nito. Nang mga oras kasing iyon ay nalulungkot ako dahil sa kahirapang tinatamasa namin. Nakatira ako sa lolo at lola ko na nagpalaki sa akin nang iwan ako sa kanila ng nanay ko noong apat na taon pa lang ako. Naghiwalay noon ang mga magulang ko dahil sumama sa ibang lalaki ang nanay ko. Hindi naman sila kasal kaya hindi na rin ako hinanap ng tatay ko. Pinilit akong itinaguyod ng mga agwela ko kasama rin ng iba ko pang mga pinsan na iniwan din ng mga magulang nila. Naaawa ako sa mga matatanda kasi pagkatapos nilang maghirap sa kanilang mga anak ay mga apo naman ang pumalit. Dapat ay nagpapahinga na lang sila at hindi iyong namomroblema pa sa pagpapalaki sa amin. Kaya nga mahal na mahal ko ang aking lolo at lola. Kumulo ang tiyan ko kaya alam kong oras na ng hapunan. Pero bago ako umuwi ay tinitigan ko ulit ang planetang Venus sabay bigkas ng isang pangako, “Balang araw makakarating din ako ng Maynila kung saan magtatapos ako ng kolehiyo upang magkaroon ng magandang kinabukasan para makatulong sa lolo at lola ko.”

Sa ngayon ay unti-unti nang natutupad ang pangakong iyon. Nang makapasa ako sa UPCAT ay hinanap ko ang bahay ng tatay ko rito sa lungsod ng Quezon, sa tulong na rin ng lola ko. Kahit kasi hindi ko na nakita ang tatay ko ay palagi ko pa rin siyang itinatanong sa lola ko at nalaman kong tumira siya noon sa bahay ng tatay ko noong nagsasama pa ang mga magulang ko. Itinuro niya sa akin kung paano kami magkikita ng tatay ko at natagpuan ko nga siya bago magsimula ang unang semestre ng aking unang taon sa UP. Nang malaman ng tatay ko na nandoon ako sa bahay niya ay nagmamadali siyang umuwi galing sa trabaho at lalo pa siyang natuwa nang mapagtanto niyang sa UP ako mag-aaral.

Doon na rin niya ako pinatira sa bahay niya na namana niya sa kanyang ama nang ito ay mamatay. Ang kanyang ina ay buhay pa at kasama namin pati ang isa niyang kapatid na bakla. Wala pang asawa ang tatay ko pero mayroon siyang kasintahan. Hindi naman ako tutol kung mag-asawa ulit siya.

Napatitig ako sa isang bagay na kumukutitap. Tiningnan ko talagang maigi kasi maganda ang kulay, mamula-mula. “Ang ganda naman ng bituin na iyon!” bulong ko sa aking sarili. Ang iba kasing nakikita kong mga tala ay hindi ko masyadong maaninag ang kulay, kung hindi puti ay manilaw-nilaw naman. Maya-maya ay napansin kong parang gumagalaw ang tinitignan kong bituin. Ngek! Eroplano pala! Akala ko ay isang magandang tala ang aking tinatanaw pero hindi pala! Hindi ko maiwasang hindi mapahagikhik at matawa sa aking sarili. Napeke ako doon, ah!

Sinulyapan ko ang aking relo sa kaliwang bisig. Mag-iikasampu na ng gabi! Dali-dali akong bumalikwas ng bangon at dahan-dahang lumakad sa ibabaw ng kulay berdeng bubong. Sa likod bahay ako dumaan pababa gamit ang mataas na hagdang bakal. Madilim sa likod bahay kaya maingat akong bumaba. Paglapat ng aking mga paa sa semento ay patakbo akong pumasok sa loob ng bahay upang manood ng aking paboritong reality show, ang “Pinoy Dream Academy”.

Moonless Night

If there is one thing that I can compare to myself it is the lovely and moody moon. We have many things in common, traits that sometimes I thought that I am the son of Luna, the moon goddess. It is my habit to look up in the sky especially when there is moon. It doesn't matter whether is is only a new moon or waning moon as long as I can see her staring down on me. I am fond also of other celestial things like the stars but I am bias with the moon. Watching her during nighttime gives me a satisfaction that I can't explain, an inner joy that only myself can describe. Whenever I feel blue or experiencing negative emotions, I just look up in the moon and then I feel warm and comfort. (When there is no moon, a single constellation is enough to pacify my raging emotion.)

Staring at the moon also gives me an inner peace that is evasive in my immediate surroundings. Through this I can also feel that I am in line with the Creator, boosting up my spirituality. On the other hand, looking up to her also brings me me back to my childhood memories, a ver dark past.

Just like last night, after taking my dinner, instead of watching TV shows or surfing the internet, I chose to go up in our rooftop. I stood against our water tank wall, looking up in the sky, watching the stars twinkling. After few minutes, I glanced around because the city lights are tying to catch my attentions. They are competing with the heavenly lights but I managed to keep away my look from them. I decided to lay down with a mat covering the floor. As I am enjoying the stargazing, memories started to run in my mind.

The absence of moon strengthen the ambiance of childhood memories. There is no moon today because the moon is in the last quarter. As I am staring at Scorpius, I also saw a brightly shining object on the left side. I thought it was another star but later I recognize that it is Venus, my ruling planet according to astrology. Another heavenly bodies that is part of my childhood, I said to myself.

That was 15 years ago. I was in the province, in Bicol, where my grandparents took care of me ever since my parents separated ad got their own lives. One afternoon, while picking up sea shells in the sea shore, I accidentally looked up in the western part of the sky. The sun is already setting behind the mountains. It was very beautiful (sunset is also one of my favorite scenery). But what really struck me is a shining heavenly object just above the setting sun. It was so distinct that I stared on it for a seconds. Then I remembered that it was mentioned in our science class that there is a planet is also called the "Morning Star". It is Venus. Since the planet was in the western direction, I make a promised to myself, Venus is my witness, that someday I will go to Manila and reach my dreams (Manila is in the western part of the Bicol region). And from this vow I started to do excellent things at school, finishing high school with flying colors, with honors.

And then I took up University of the Philippines College Admission Test (UPCAT) and I made it to the main campus. In the university, at first I find it so hard to adjust, but I made many good friends that helped me how to cope with college life. Most of them were gone but there are some stay and still communicate with me. Here in the university, I experienced different kinds of hardships and success, tears and laughter, hurts and joy, anything that are helpful when you are in a professional world.

Oh, craps! I hate this! I don't want to be emotional again. It is sound ironic but I tend to be more emotional when there is no moon. A what I have said, moon keeps me happy and since she is temporarily absent, I feel sad. What the heck I am talking! Enough of memories! I hurriedly got up and went down to the living room. I almost forgot that my favorite singing reality show, “Pinoy Dream Academy” will start in a few minutes.

UP Astronomical Society

Stargazing. Gawain ko na ito simula noong sampung gulang pa ako. Paborito kong puntahan ang bakuran ng aming paaralang elementarya na walang gate at nababalutan ng makapal na carabao grass kapag nais kong makipag-ulayaw sa kalawakan. Sa pamamagitan nang pagtitig sa mga nagkikislapang mga bituin sa kalaliman ng langit, nadarama ko ang tunay na kapayapaan at kaligayahan.

Lubos akong natuwa nang malaman kong may isang organisasyon sa UP na nakatuon sa astronomiya, ang (agham ng) pag-aaral ng mga bagay sa kalawakan, ang UP Astronomical Society (UP Astrosoc). Nagulat pa nga ako noong una dahil hindi ko akalaing may ganitong organisasyon sa pinapasukan kong unibersidad. Hindi naging madali ang pagsali ko sa grupong ito anim na taon na ang nakararan subalit matagumpay kong nalampasan ang mga pagsubok sa proseso ng aplikasyon.

Ngayong gabi ang oryentasyon ng mga bagong aplikante sa UP Astrosoc. Dalawampung estudyante mula sa iba’t ibang kolehiyo ang dumalo. Umaayon sa amin ang lagay ng panahon dahil maaliwalas ang kalangitan. Isang oras lang ang ginugol sa pagtitipon na sinundan ng socialization. Nakatutuwa ang mga aplikante na maraming itinatanong sa mga miyembro ng Astrosoc tungkol sa mga planeta at konstelasyon ng mga bituin. Malugod kong itinuro sa dalawang aplikanteng sina Philip at Niño ang mga konstelasyong Ursa Major at Scorpius. Kumukuha ng European Languages si Ronipe na isang freshman samantalang nasa ikatlong taon na ng Library Science si Niño.

Ang hugis tabo na Big Dipper ay bahagi ng Ursa Major. Memorable sa akin ang Big Dipper dahil ito ang kauna-unahang grupo ng mga bituin na nakilala ko. Itinuro ito sa akin ni Jimboy, bespren ko noong hayskul. Oo nga’t mahilig ako noong mag-stargazing pero mga pangalan lamang ng mga planeta ang alam ko.

Paborito ko sa mga konstelasyon ang Scorpius dahil ito lang ang tumutugma sa hugis ng zodiac sign kung saan ito ipinangalan – hugis alakdan talaga ito. Makikita ito sa timog na bahagi ng kalangitan (southern hemisphere) malapit sa Milky Way, ang ating galaxy. Napagigitnaan ito ng mga konstelasyong Libra sa kanluran at Sagittarius sa silangan. Nasa gitna (leeg) nito ang bituing Antares na siyang pinakamaningning (alpha star) sa grupo, pang-16 sa mga panggabing bituin. Kulay pula ito sa ating paningin subalit mas mapula ito kung titingnan gamit ang teleskopyo dahil ito ay isang supergiant na bituin. Lubhang mas maliwanag ito sa araw (65,000 na beses) subalit napakalayo nito sa daigdig (600 light years) kaya kakaunti lamang ng liwanag nito ang ating nakikita.

Marami pa kaming napag-usapan nina Ronipe at Niño, hindi lamang tungkol sa mga bituin at planeta. Sinigurado ko sa kanilang masaya sa org namin at talagang mag-eenjoy sila. Naiintindihan ko ang kanilang pag-aalala na baka hindi nila malampasan ang proseso ng aplkiasyon subalit sinabi ko sa kanilang kung talagang desidido sila ay magagawa nila. Umaasa akong babalik sila sa huwebes sa kanilang Buddy Bidding at itutuloy nila ang pagsali sa Astrosoc.


How did I become a member of this prestigious organization in UP Diliman?

I was then a student assistant in the Department of Political Science. It was summer 2007. I already finished my work and waiting for the time to hit 5pm, our end of shift. I was surfing the net and looking for some information about Big Dipper when I bumped into the website of UP Astronomical Society. Here is what the site says about the organization:

The University of the Philippines Astronomical Society (UP Astrosoc) is a non-profit, non-political and non-partisan organization in the University of the Philippines, Diliman. It was established in 1991 by 15 undergraduate students under a mango tree. UP Astrosoc now resides at the PAGASA Astronomical Observatory inside UP Diliman.

On the average, the organization has an active membership of 25-30 undergraduate students coming from different colleges in the university. Aside from the usual social activities of a college organization, UP Astrosoc also partakes in several astronomy activities throughout the academic year. These include astronomy classes, observing sessions, public astronomy lectures and forums.

The emblem for the organization is a stylized telescope pointing towards the skies. This is in touch with the organization's motto, Ad Astra Per Aspera -To the stars with difficulty.

Learn more about UP Astrosoc's activities here.

Take a mini tour of the UP Astrosoc headquarters here.

To learn how to contact UP Astrosoc, click here.

I wrote down the contact infos and after my duty, I hurriedly went to the Observatory to enlist in UP Astrosoc's summer workshop. When I arrived there, I learned that they are also looking for new members and I was very excited to signed in.

And that is the beginning of my journey through space, not physically of course, but through my imagination wit the help of writing.

Ad Astra Per Aspera!